[ { "id": "archetype-1", "type": "archetype", "name": "Classic Tarot", "description": "\"Classic Tarot\" refers to the family of 78-card decks designed primarily for card games rather than esoteric or occult purposes. While they share the structural skeleton of the deck known today in fortune-telling circles—40 pip cards (numerals), 16 court cards, and 22 trumps—their imagery often dive", "url": "/en/archetypes/classic-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "archetype-2", "type": "archetype", "name": "Divination Tarot", "description": "import Figure from '@components/Figure.astro'; import viscontiJuggler from '@assets/content/archetypes/visconti-juggler.avif'; import viscontiPope from '@assets/content/archetypes/visconti-the-pope.avif'; import converChariot from '@assets/content/archetypes/conver-chariot.avif'; import besanconJuno", "url": "/en/archetypes/divination-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "archetype-4", "type": "archetype", "name": "Oracle Decks", "description": "Oracle decks are a distinct category of playing cards designed or appropriated specifically for cartomancy (fortune-telling). Unlike the Tarot, which generally adheres to a structured system of 78 cards divided into Major and Minor Arcana, oracle decks are unstructured. They vary widely in the numbe", "url": "/en/archetypes/oracle-decks", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "archetype-6", "type": "archetype", "name": "Speciality Decks", "description": "Speciality decks encompass a diverse category of playing cards that fall outside the traditional classifications of Tarot, standard playing cards, and oracle decks. This type includes educational decks, astrological cards, cardistry decks, and other uncommon formats designed for specific purposes be", "url": "/en/archetypes/speciality-decks", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "archetype-3", "type": "archetype", "name": "Standard Playing Cards", "description": "A \"Standard Deck\" refers to a structured pack of playing cards comprising a fixed ratio of \"pip\" (numeral) cards to court (face) cards, divided across four distinct suits. While historical variations have existed containing 48, 52, or 56 cards, the 52-card deck—augmented by one or two Jokers—is the ", "url": "/en/archetypes/standard-playing-cards", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "archetype-5", "type": "archetype", "name": "Transformation Decks", "description": "Transformation decks are a distinct genre of playing cards that emerged during the early nineteenth century, characterized by the artistic integration of suit symbols into a larger visual narrative. Unlike standard playing cards, where pips (hearts, diamonds, spades, and clubs) serve strictly as abs", "url": "/en/archetypes/transformation-decks", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-11", "type": "country", "name": "Austria", "description": "Precise documentation regarding the initial arrival of playing cards in Austria is lacking, though evidence suggests their presence by the year 1400. By the mid-fifteenth century, card culture was established enough that Ladislaus V, Duke of Austria, commissioned the artistic Hofämterspiel (Courtly ", "url": "/en/countries/austria", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-5", "type": "country", "name": "Belgium", "description": "The history of playing cards in the Belgian lands is one of the oldest and most industrially significant in Europe, with the earliest documented mention appearing in 1379 at the ducal court of Brabant. During the fifteenth century, the southern Low Countries emerged as a premier center of artistic p", "url": "/en/countries/belgium", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-4", "type": "country", "name": "Canada", "description": "Playing cards were first introduced into Canada following the establishment of French colonial settlements, beginning with Quebec in 1608. During the era of New France (1608–1763), the colony became the site of a unique monetary experiment where playing cards circulated as official currency due to c", "url": "/en/countries/canada", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-13", "type": "country", "name": "Czechia (Bohemia)", "description": "Czechia, historically known as Bohemia, has been a pivotal centre for playing-card production since the fifteenth century. The region's significance was established early on with the commission of the exquisite *Hofämterspiel* (Courtly Household Cards) in the mid-1450s (Husband, *World in Play*, pp.", "url": "/en/countries/czechia", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-1", "type": "country", "name": "France", "description": "Playing cards have been a fixture of French life since at least 1377, when local ordinances in Paris first prohibited their use in gambling contexts (Dummett, *Game*, p. 10). By the fifteenth century, France had established itself as a premier source of playing-card manufacturing in Europe. It was d", "url": "/en/countries/france", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-2", "type": "country", "name": "Germany", "description": "Playing cards appeared in the German lands as early as 1378, evidenced by a local ordinance prohibiting their use for gambling in the city of Regensburg (Dummett, *Game*, p. 10). By the fifteenth century, the region had evolved into a powerhouse of European card production. This era produced the ren", "url": "/en/countries/germany", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-14", "type": "country", "name": "India", "description": "Historical scholarship once posited that India was the birthplace of playing cards, theorizing that they migrated from the subcontinent to the Middle East and subsequently to Europe. However, modern consensus has revised this timeline: playing cards were invented in China and only reached India via ", "url": "/en/countries/india", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-12", "type": "country", "name": "Iran", "description": "Iran—historically known to the West as Persia—developed a distinct and independent playing-card culture that diverged significantly from European traditions. From the late medieval period through the Qajar dynasty, the region cultivated unique gaming systems, most notably the complex **Ganjifa** and", "url": "/en/countries/iran", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-6", "type": "country", "name": "Italy", "description": "Playing cards were first noted in Italy in 1377, coinciding with local ordinances passed in Florence to regulate their use. From this point onward, Italy played a seminal role in the history of cartomancy and gaming. Most notably, the Duchy of Milan became the birthplace of the **Tarot** in the 1440", "url": "/en/countries/italy", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-9", "type": "country", "name": "Portugal", "description": "Portugal’s impact on the global history of playing cards was profound, largely due to its extensive colonial activity during the Age of Discovery. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Portuguese colonists and missionaries introduced playing cards to Brazil, India, the East Indies, and Japan (", "url": "/en/countries/portugal", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-8", "type": "country", "name": "Spain", "description": "While it remains historically debated whether playing cards first entered Europe through Italy or via Muslim North Africa into Spain, the latter serves as a primary gateway for the introduction of cards to the continent. The first concrete, indisputable reference to playing cards in Spain dates to 1", "url": "/en/countries/spain", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-7", "type": "country", "name": "Switzerland", "description": "Switzerland holds a pivotal place in the history of European playing cards, with evidence of their presence in Basel as early as 1377. This date marks the creation of the first known written account of playing cards in Europe, authored by the Swiss Dominican friar John of Rheinfelden (Dummett, *Game", "url": "/en/countries/switzerland", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-10", "type": "country", "name": "United Kingdom", "description": "Playing cards arrived in England slightly later than in the rest of Western and Central Europe. While widespread use is not documented until the 1460s, the first concrete reference dates to 1413 (Depaulis, ‘Early References’). The English market eventually became dominated by 52-card decks utilizing", "url": "/en/countries/united-kingdom", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "country-3", "type": "country", "name": "United States of America", "description": "It is unclear exactly when playing cards were first introduced to the region now known as the United States. However, records confirm their use in both the Jamestown colony of Virginia and the New England colonies by the 1620s (Hargrave, *History*, pp. 280–281).", "url": "/en/countries/united-states-of-america", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-37", "type": "deck", "name": "Aluette Demi-Fine", "description": "The Aluette Demi-Fine is a Standard Deck of playing cards, manufactured by Baptiste-Paul Grimaud in France in the year 1880. This french deck uncommonly uses the spanish pattern instead of the french pattern.", "url": "/en/decks/aluette-1", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-23", "type": "deck", "name": "Tarocco Sopraffino Avondo", "description": "The Tarocco Sopraffino Avondo is a Divination Tarot deck created by the artist Della Rocca in 1862. This deck was manufactured by Fratelli Avondo in Italy. The deck features the beautiful Tarocco Sopraffino face pattern designed by Della Rocca for the Gumppemberg tarot deck that the foundation also ", "url": "/en/decks/avondo-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-90", "type": "deck", "name": "Besancon tarot Jerger", "description": "This complete Besançon Divination Tarot deck, manufactured by Jacob Jerger in Besançon, France, around 1810. The deck's divergence from the traditional Marseille tarot, with in particular the replacement of the Pope and Papess major arcana cards with Jupiter and Junon likely reflects a conscious eff", "url": "/en/decks/besancon", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-31", "type": "deck", "name": "1895 Bicycle 808", "description": "The 1895 Bicycle 808 is a Standard Deck type of playing cards, manufactured by The United States Playing Card Company. This deck was created in the USA in 1895. It is recognized for its unique style of figures, a back with a centered wheel, and a distinct wild card design. The deck was printed at th", "url": "/en/decks/bicycle-808-ancient", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-5", "type": "deck", "name": "Bordoni Tarot", "description": "Divination Tarot deck created by Bordoni & C. in Italy in 1885. This deck, printed using the woodcut method and adorne the tax stamp “APR 1887\" on the ace of cup.", "url": "/en/decks/bordoni-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-30", "type": "deck", "name": "Congress 606 with Soldiers", "description": "The 'Congress 606 with Soldiers' is a Standard Deck type of playing cards, manufactured by The United States Playing Card Company under the Congress brand in 1890.", "url": "/en/decks/congress-606-soldiers", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-69", "type": "deck", "name": "Crowley Thoth Tarot Version A1", "description": "The Thoth Tarot which features very unique card designs and artistic direction is a collaboration between the famous occultist Aleister Crowley who designed the deck, and Lady Frieda Harris who painted the illustrations. This very popular divination tarot created between 1938 and 1943 is notable for", "url": "/en/decks/crowley-thoth-a1", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-43", "type": "deck", "name": "Crowley Thoth Tarot Version B", "description": "The Thoth Tarot which features very unique card designs and artistic direction is a collaboration between the famous occultist Aleister Crowley who designed the deck, and Lady Frieda Harris who painted the illustrations. This very popular divination tarot created between 1938 and 1943 is notable for", "url": "/en/decks/crowley-thoth-b", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-45", "type": "deck", "name": "Crowley's Thoth Tarot Version C \"Green Toth\"", "description": "The Thoth Tarot which features very unique card designs and artistic direction is a collaboration between the famous occultist Aleister Crowley who designed the deck, and Lady Frieda Harris who painted the illustrations. This very popular divination tarot created between 1938 and 1943 is notable for", "url": "/en/decks/crowley-thoth-c", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-15", "type": "deck", "name": "Jeu du Destin Antique by Eugène D’Auriac Reprint", "description": "This deck is a later print of the oracle deck \"Jeu du Destin Antique\" which was first published in Paris by Eugène D’Auriac in in 1868 as a artomantic deck printed lithographically by Grimaud and hand-coloured. This Petit Lenormand Oracle Deck came with the booklet “Le Destin Antique rétabli d’après", "url": "/en/decks/destin-antique", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-3", "type": "deck", "name": "Joseph Feautrier Italian French Deck", "description": "This very rare deck produced in France by Joseph Feautrier in 1792 uniquely use Italian suits and card designs instead of the French ones making this deck one of a kind for his time. To this day it remains unknown why Joseph Feautrier decided to copy the Italian style.", "url": "/en/decks/feautrier-deck", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-110", "type": "deck", "name": "Gaudais French Pimontese Tarot deck", "description": "Original French Pimontese Divination created in France by J. Gaudais around 1870. This french deck is unusual as it sport an Italian tarot pattern instead of a french one such as the Marseille or Besancon one.", "url": "/en/decks/gaudais-piemontese", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-10", "type": "deck", "name": "Original Etteilla Tarot - Le Jeu de Toth", "description": "The Original Etteilla Tarot - Le Jeu de Toth is a Divination Tarot deck created by the occultist Etteilla (Jean-Baptiste Alliette), the first professional tarot reader, in France around 1791. The deck's illustrations were created by the famous engraver Pierre-François Basan. This deck is historicall", "url": "/en/decks/grand-etteilla-type-1", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-6", "type": "deck", "name": "Etteilla II: Jeu des 78 tarots egyptiens - Livre de thot", "description": "In 1838 Simon Blocquel, a student of Etteilla, published this updated version of the Etteilla tarot deck under the title \"Grand livre de Thot.\". This version is commonly known as the Lismon Etteilla or Etteilla Type II.", "url": "/en/decks/grand-etteilla-type-2", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-9", "type": "deck", "name": "Grimaud tarot", "description": "The Grimaud tarot is a Classic Tarot deck manufactured by Baptiste-Paul Grimaud in France, 1880.", "url": "/en/decks/grimaud-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-33", "type": "deck", "name": "Gumppenberg Dellarocca Tarot", "description": "Original \"I Tarocchi Sopraffini\" (Tarot super-fin / Exquisite Tarot) Divination Tarot deck designed by Carlo Dellarocca at the request of Milanese card maker Ferdinand Gumppenberg circa 1830- This beautiful and intricate design quickly rose to popularity and ended up being reused by many other deckm", "url": "/en/decks/gumppenberg", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-88", "type": "deck", "name": "Hustling Joe No 61", "description": "The Hustling Joe No 61 is a Transformation Deck type of playing cards, manufactured by The United States Playing Card Company in 1895. This is the first edition of the deck with the costume on the Ace of Spades in red. The second edition immediately issued after the intial release to correct some de", "url": "/en/decks/hustling-joe", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-17", "type": "deck", "name": "Jeanne Hachette Red Version", "description": "The Frommann's Jeanne Hachette Transformation deck is a unique set of playing cards created and produced by Maximilian Frommann in Germany, around 1870. This deck is a part of the Jeanne Hachette family, named after the queen of Spade, which depicts Jeanne Hachette, a heroine of the 1472 Beauvais re", "url": "/en/decks/jeanne-l-hachette-frommann", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-34", "type": "deck", "name": "Jeanne Hachette Blue Version", "description": "The Jeanne Hachette Transformation deck created by Belin is a unique set of playing cards designed by E. le Tellier and produced by Baptiste-Paul Grimaud in France in 1860. The deck is part of the Jeanne Hachette family named after the queen of Spade which contrary to popular belief depicts Jeanne H", "url": "/en/decks/jeanne-l-hachette-grimaud", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-22", "type": "deck", "name": "Nouveau Jeu de la main", "description": "The 'Nouveau Jeu de la main' created by Adèle Moreau a student of Mlle Lenormand is an Oracle Deck that uniquely combine card reading, astrology, and palm reading to offer a new approach to divination.", "url": "/en/decks/jeu-de-la-main", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-36", "type": "deck", "name": "Jeu Louis XV No.1502", "description": "The Jeu Louis XV No.1502 is a Standard Deck of playing cards, manufactured by Baptiste-Paul Grimaud in France, 1895. The deck features a Paris face pattern, golden edge and was created using the chromolithography printing method. This very popular deck with a unique design aesthetics was reprinted m", "url": "/en/decks/jeu-louis-xv", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-38", "type": "deck", "name": "Le Petit Cartomancien - early edition", "description": "The 'Le Petit Cartomancie' is an Oracle Deck created by Baptiste-Paul Grimaud in France around 1875. Each card in this deck is meant to represent someone in one's life and was allegedly in French Salons to help in navigating the complex, often political relationships that Parisian socialites.", "url": "/en/decks/le-petit-cartomancien", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-1", "type": "deck", "name": "Original Tarot Chinois", "description": "The Original Tarot Chinois is a classic Tarot deck created by Editions Lequart in France, 1870. This deck was inspired by German tarot decks and was created for the large Parisian German community in the 1800s. The deck is named 'Tarot Chinois' (Chinese Tarot) due to its trump cards design being ins", "url": "/en/decks/lefer-chinese-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-89", "type": "deck", "name": "Giuseppe Mitelli Tarocchino Bolognese", "description": "This deck of \"Tarocchino Bolognese\" cards, created around 1660 by renowned Italian engraver Giuseppe Maria Mitelli for Count Filippo Bentivoglio, represents a masterpiece of Baroque art. Originally comprised of 62 cards, the deck was titled \"Giuoco di Carte, con Nuova Forma di Tarocchini\" (Card Game", "url": "/en/decks/mitelli", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-13", "type": "deck", "name": "Occitan Tarot", "description": "The Occitan Tarot is an Oracle Deck originating from France. This deck, created in 1900, is unique due to its use of the Occitan language. The creator of this deck remains unknown.", "url": "/en/decks/occitan-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-14", "type": "deck", "name": "Piemontese tarot", "description": "Italian Tarot from 1875 in Piemontese style", "url": "/en/decks/piemontese-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-106", "type": "deck", "name": "The Royal Fez Moroccan Tarot Original Limited Edition", "description": "Original limited edition of the Tarot of Fez created by Roland Berrill and designed by Michael Hobdell around 1950. However due to Berrill death, the first version of this deck was delayed and ended up being printed as a limited edition of 500 copies in 1970 by Riglel Press. Design wise this tarot r", "url": "/en/decks/royal-fez-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-48", "type": "deck", "name": "Rider-Waite Tarot 1971", "description": "This deck is the 1971 re-edition of the famous Waite-Smith Divination Tarot. Its cards are paler than the original version.", "url": "/en/decks/rws-1971-2", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-7", "type": "deck", "name": "Stralsund Mlle Lenormand oracle deck", "description": "The Stralsund Mlle Lenormand oracle deck is a Petit Lenormand type Oracle Deck. It was printed in Germany by the manufacturer Spielkartenfabrik Altenburg around 1890. The deck is named after the famous French fortune teller Mlle Lenormand, but it originated from Germany around 1800 under the name 'g", "url": "/en/decks/stralsund-lenormand", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-35", "type": "deck", "name": "ASS Altenburger Mlle Lenormand oracle deck later print", "description": "This Mlle Lenormand oracle deck was manufactured by ASS Altenburger in Germany in 1912 under the brand 'Stralsund'.", "url": "/en/decks/stralsund-lenormand-later", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-27", "type": "deck", "name": "Tarot Animaux", "description": "Classic Tarot deck sporting animals themed trumps that was manufactured by Fabrique de Daveluy in Belgium in 1850.", "url": "/en/decks/tarot-animaux", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-41", "type": "deck", "name": "Tarot de Marseille by Nicolas Conver", "description": "Divination Tarot de Marseille created by Nicolas Conver printed by A. Camoin & Cie in France circa 1760. Conver decks are the most renowed Tarot de Marseille and considered the canonical design. The Tarot de Marseille were the one that led to the use of Tarot for occult practices.", "url": "/en/decks/tarot-de-marseille-conver", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-71", "type": "deck", "name": "Crowley Thoth Tarot Blue Version", "description": "The Thoth Tarot which features very unique card designs and artistic direction is a collaboration between the famous occultist Aleister Crowley who designed the deck, and Lady Frieda Harris who painted the illustrations. This very popular divination tarot created between 1938 and 1943 is notable for", "url": "/en/decks/thoth-swissblue-a", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-68", "type": "deck", "name": "Crowley Thoth Tarot Version A2", "description": "The Thoth Tarot which features very unique card designs and artistic direction is a collaboration between the famous occultist Aleister Crowley who designed the deck, and Lady Frieda Harris who painted the illustrations. This very popular divination tarot created between 1938 and 1943 is notable for", "url": "/en/decks/thoth-thoth-a2", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-62", "type": "deck", "name": "Tiffany's Harlequin Transformation Deck", "description": "The Tiffany's Harlequin Transformation Deck is a unique set of playing cards designed by C.E. Carryl for Tiffany & Co. in 1879. It is described as “without question, the most skillful and artistic of the American transformation decks.” in the Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards (p206). It", "url": "/en/decks/tiffany-transformation", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-63", "type": "deck", "name": "Vanity Fair No 41", "description": "The Vanity Fair No. 41 is the first transformation deck manufactured by The United States Playing Card Company in 1895. We note that the court cards, while not transformed, are comical representations and a reuse of the courts used in the Tiffany Harlequin deck published 15 years earlier.", "url": "/en/decks/vanity-fair-41", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-111", "type": "deck", "name": "Viassone Piemontese Pattern Tarot deck", "description": "", "url": "/en/decks/viassone", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-105", "type": "deck", "name": "Votes for Women", "description": "Deck manufactured by DeLarue and Company in 1910. What mak this deck historically signficant is that it is the only known deck produced by Emmeline Pankhurst’s Women’s Social and Political Union (WPSU) to support the suffragettes and the Votes For Women movement.", "url": "/en/decks/votes-for-women-delarue", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-19", "type": "deck", "name": "Petit Lenormand Dondorf Wahrsage-Karten", "description": "This Dondorf Wahrsage-Karten is an Oracle Deck from the Petit Lenormand family. It was manufactured by Bernard J. Dondorf in Germany in the year 1910. The deck features the Petit Lenormand face pattern which is a popular style in oracle decks and text in German on all cards.", "url": "/en/decks/wahrsage-karten", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "deck-81", "type": "deck", "name": "Original Waite Smith Tarot Pam-A", "description": "The Original Waite Smith Tarot is a Divination Tarot deck created by Arthur Edward Waite and illustrated by Pamela Colman Smith in 1910. It was manufactured by Rider in the United Kingdom. This deck, also known as the Waite-Rider Tarot, the Waite-Smith-Rider Tarot or the 'Pam-A' deck, is based on th", "url": "/en/decks/waite-smith-a", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "family-2", "type": "family", "name": "Grand Etteilla", "description": "The **Grand Etteilla** family of Tarot decks represents a pivotal shift in playing card history, marking the transition from cards used primarily for gaming to those designed specifically for cartomancy (divination). Originating with the work of Jean-Baptiste Alliette (known as Etteilla) in the late", "url": "/en/families/grand-etteilla", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "family-5", "type": "family", "name": "Jeanne Hachette", "description": "The **Jeanne Hachette Family** refers to a specific lineage of transformation playing cards originating in mid-19th century France. The defining characteristic of this pattern is the depiction of the French folk heroine, Jeanne Hachette, as the Queen of Spades.", "url": "/en/families/jeanne-hachette", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "family-13", "type": "family", "name": "Jeu de la Main", "description": "The **Jeu de la Main** (often titled *Nouveau Jeu de la Main* or \"New Game of the Hand\") is a distinct family of oracle cards that synthesizes cartomancy with chiromancy (palmistry). Originally designed by the French fortune-teller Adèle Moreau in the late 19th century, the deck was published posthu", "url": "/en/families/jeu-de-la-main", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "family-19", "type": "family", "name": "Mitelli", "description": "The **Mitelli Family** classification refers to a lineage of Tarot decks derived from the *Giuoco di Carte con Nuova Forma di Tarocchini* (Card Game with a New Form of Tarot), originally designed by the Bolognese artist and engraver Giuseppe Maria Mitelli circa 1660.", "url": "/en/families/mitelli", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "family-4", "type": "family", "name": "Petit Lenormand", "description": "The **Petit Lenormand** (Small Lenormand) is a family of 36-card oracle decks that became the dominant form of parlor cartomancy—divination using cards—in Germany and Central Europe during the 19th century. While the decks emerged commercially in the early 1850s, their structural design and iconogra", "url": "/en/families/petit-lenormand", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "family-22", "type": "family", "name": "Tarot Animal", "description": "The **Tarot Animal** (Animal Tarot) represents a distinct lineage of playing cards that emerged in Central Europe during the mid-18th century. Departing from the allegorical and religious imagery of the Italian tradition (such as the Tarot of Marseilles), this family of decks replaced the traditiona", "url": "/en/families/tarot-animal", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "family-3", "type": "family", "name": "Thoth Tarot", "description": "The **Thoth Tarot** family encompasses the tarot pattern conceptualized by the occultist Aleister Crowley and executed by the artist Lady Frieda Harris between 1938 and 1943. While loosely based on traditional structures, it represents a radical departure from earlier standards, infusing the cards w", "url": "/en/families/thoth-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "family-1", "type": "family", "name": "Waite-Smith", "description": "The **Waite-Smith** family of playing cards encompasses the original tarot deck designed by Arthur Edward Waite and Pamela Colman Smith, as well as the vast array of decks directly derived from it. The Waite-Smith Tarot (often colloquially referred to as the Rider-Waite) stands as one of the most im", "url": "/en/families/waite-smith", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-14", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "A. Camoin & Cie", "description": "A. Camoin & Cie is a historic playing-card manufacturer established in Marseille, France, tracing its lineage directly back to the mid-18th century. Originally founded by the master cardmaker Nicolas Conver around 1760, the workshop is renowned for establishing the \"Conver\" pattern, which became the", "url": "/en/manufacturers/a-camoin-and-cie", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-19", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "A.G. Müller", "description": "A.G. Müller stands as a pillar of Swiss playing card manufacturing, tracing its origins to the early 19th century in the town of Diessenhofen. Founded by Johann Georg Rauch and subsequently expanded by the Müller family, the firm played a pivotal role in standardizing Swiss patterns, most notably th", "url": "/en/manufacturers/ag-muller", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-35", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Alessandro Viassone", "description": "Founded in 1830 in Turin, Italy, the workshop of Alessandro Viassone stands as one of the most enduring names in Italian playing card history. Operating for over a century and a half, the firm was instrumental in the production and standardization of the *Tarocco Piemontese* (Piedmontese Tarot). Whi", "url": "/en/manufacturers/alessandro-viassone", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-12", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "ASS Altenburger", "description": "ASS Altenburger stands as one of the most prominent names in German playing-card history, representing a complex lineage of mergers and industrial consolidation. While the modern entity is associated with the city of Altenburg, its roots trace back to 1765 and the workshop of Johann Kaspar Kern in S", "url": "/en/manufacturers/ass-altenburger", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-6", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Baptiste-Paul Grimaud", "description": "Baptiste-Paul Grimaud is a seminal figure in the history of French playing card manufacturing. Established in Paris in 1851, his eponymous company evolved into one of the most dominant playing-card manufacturers in Europe during the late nineteenth century. The Grimaud brand remains active today as ", "url": "/en/manufacturers/baptiste-paul-grimaud", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-13", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Bernard J. Dondorf", "description": "**Bernard J. Dondorf** was a premier German manufacturer of luxury playing cards, active for exactly one century. Established in Frankfurt in 1833, the firm became renowned for its technical mastery of lithography and the artistic depth of its engravings. The company’s operations ceased under the or", "url": "/en/manufacturers/bernard-j-dondorf", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-5", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Bordoni & Co.", "description": "Bordoni & Co. was a playing-card manufacturer active in Milan, Italy, during the late 19th century. Although the firm's operational window was relatively brief—estimated between 1885 and 1900—they are noted for producing distinct variations of standard regional patterns, including a North Italian va", "url": "/en/manufacturers/bordoni-and-co", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-1", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Éditions Lequart", "description": "Éditions Lequart was a prominent playing-card manufacturer active in Paris during the late 19th century, specifically between 1872 and 1891. While their independent operational window was relatively brief—spanning just under two decades—the company produced significant contributions to the French ca", "url": "/en/manufacturers/editions-lequart", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-15", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Etteilla", "description": "> **Insert Image:** A woodcut portrait of Jean-Baptiste Alliette from *Cours théorique et pratique du livre de Thot* (1790). The figure is shown in profile, wearing period attire typical of the late 18th century. > > **Caption:** Jean-Baptiste Alliette, known as Etteilla, depicted in his later years", "url": "/en/manufacturers/etteilla", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-4", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Fabrique de Daveluy", "description": "**Fabrique de Daveluy** was a premier manufacturer of playing cards located in Bruges, Belgium. Operating from the founding of the workshop in 1835 until its closure circa 1890, the firm played a pivotal role in the modernization of Belgian card production. Under the leadership of Édouard Alexis Dav", "url": "/en/manufacturers/fabrique-de-daveluy", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-23", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Ferdinando Gumppenberg", "description": "Ferdinando Gumppenberg was a pivotal figure in the history of playing cards during the first half of the 19th century. Originally a German expatriate, he established a workshop in Milan that became synonymous with high-quality card production. His most enduring legacy is his collaboration with the m", "url": "/en/manufacturers/ferdinando-gumppenberg", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-25", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Fratelli Avondo", "description": "**Fratelli Avondo** (The Avondo Brothers) was a significant Italian playing-card manufacturer based in Serravalle-Sesia, a municipality in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. Active primarily between the 1850s and the 1880s, the firm is best known for its high-quality reproductions of Milanes", "url": "/en/manufacturers/fratelli-avondo", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-33", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Giuseppe Maria Mitelli", "description": "Giuseppe Maria Mitelli (1634–1718) was a prolific Bolognese painter, engraver, and sculptor whose contributions to the history of playing cards represent a significant intersection of high art and gaming. Unlike the standard woodblock artisans of his time, Mitelli brought the refined technique of co", "url": "/en/manufacturers/giuseppe-maria-mitelli", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-31", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Jacob Jerger", "description": "Jacob Jerger was a distinct playing-card manufacturer active in Besançon, eastern France, during the opening decade of the nineteenth century. Operating during the Napoleonic era, Jerger is best known for his contribution to the **Tarot de Besançon** tradition, a regional variation of the Tarot de M", "url": "/en/manufacturers/jacob-jerger", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-34", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Jean Gaudais", "description": "Jean Gaudais was a prominent Parisian cardmaker active during the mid-19th century, a pivotal era that bridged the gap between traditional woodblock card manufacturing and the industrial age of lithography. Operating between the 1820s and the 1860s, Gaudais is particularly notable for his contributi", "url": "/en/manufacturers/jean-gaudais", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-3", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Joseph Feautrier", "description": "Joseph Feautrier was a prominent master cardmaker (*maître cartier*) active in Marseille, France, during the latter half of the 18th century. Operating out of the city's vibrant port district, Feautrier is historically significant for his familial and professional connection to the Chosson dynasty o", "url": "/en/manufacturers/joseph-feautrier", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-18", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Llewellyn Worldwide", "description": "Llewellyn Worldwide, originally established as Llewellyn Publications, is a seminal institution in the American esoteric publishing landscape. Founded in 1901 by George Llewellyn in Portland, Oregon, the company began as a specialist press for astrology. following its acquisition by Carl Llewellyn W", "url": "/en/manufacturers/llewellyn-worldwide", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-22", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Maximilian Frommann", "description": "Maximilian Frommann (1813–1866) was a significant German playing-card manufacturer active in Darmstadt during the mid-19th century. While his personal career in cardmaking was relatively brief, the publishing house he established became a foundational element of the German card industry. Following h", "url": "/en/manufacturers/maximilian-frommann", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-17", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Red Wheel/Weiser", "description": "> **Insert Image:** [The logo of Red Wheel/Weiser, featuring a stylized red wheel] > > **Caption:** The modern logo of Red Wheel/Weiser, reflecting the merger of the Red Wheel imprint and the historic Samuel Weiser publishing house.", "url": "/en/manufacturers/red-wheel-weiser", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-36", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Rigel Press Ltd.", "description": "Rigel Press Ltd. was a London-based publishing house best known for its contribution to the occult tarot revival of the 1970s. While their output was not voluminous, they are significant for bridging the gap between mid-century esoteric design and the mass-market explosion of tarot in the late 20th ", "url": "/en/manufacturers/rigel-press", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-9", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Spielkartenfabrik Altenburg", "description": "Content needed.", "url": "/en/manufacturers/spielkartenfabrik-altenburg", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-11", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "The United States Playing Card Company", "description": "The United States Playing Card Company (USPCC) stands as a titan in the history of American printing and gaming. Established in the mid-19th century, the firm was instrumental in standardizing the manufacturing of playing cards in North America. While originally a general printing concern, its event", "url": "/en/manufacturers/the-united-states-playing-card-company", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-24", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Thomas De La Rue & Co. Ltd.", "description": "> **Insert Image:** The historical logo or crest of Thomas De La Rue & Co. Ltd. > **Caption:** The corporate insignia of De La Rue, a firm that transitioned from straw hat manufacturing to becoming one of the world's premier security printers.", "url": "/en/manufacturers/thomas-de-la-rue-and-co-ltd", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-26", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Tiffany & Co.", "description": "> **Insert Image:** A portrait of Charles Lewis Tiffany seated in his store, circa 1887. > > **Caption:** Charles Lewis Tiffany (1812–1902), the founder of the stationery and fancy goods emporium that would eventually become the world-renowned jewelry house.", "url": "/en/manufacturers/tiffany-and-co", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-28", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "U.S. Games Systems", "description": "U.S. Games Systems (USGS) stands as one of the most prolific and influential producers of tarot and playing cards in the modern era. Founded by Stuart Kaplan in 1968, the company is credited with standardizing the distribution of tarot decks in North America. Their publication of the Rider-Waite-Smi", "url": "/en/manufacturers/us-games-systems", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-29", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "William Rider & Son", "description": "William Rider & Son was a British publishing house founded in 1882 by William Rider in London. While the firm began as a general printer of trade journals and books, it secured a permanent place in cultural history through two distinct publishing milestones: the 1897 release of Bram Stoker’s *Dracul", "url": "/en/manufacturers/william-rider-son", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "manufacturer-10", "type": "manufacturer", "name": "Z. Lismon (Simon-François Blocquel)", "description": "Z. Lismon is the distinctive *nom de plume* of Simon-François Blocquel (1780–1863), a prolific French publisher and printer active during the first half of the 19th century. While Blocquel produced a wide array of literature, he is best known in the history of playing cards for publishing the *Grand", "url": "/en/manufacturers/z-lismon", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-5", "type": "pattern", "name": "Ancient History Minchiate Tarot", "description": "The **Ancient History Minchiate Tarot** (or *Minchiate Istoriche*) is a rare and distinct 18th-century pattern that reimagines the traditional Florentine card game as an educational tool. Produced in Florence circa 1725 by Anton Giuseppe Molinelli, this deck retains the expanded 97-card structure of", "url": "/en/patterns/ancient-history-minchiate-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-22", "type": "pattern", "name": "Classic Piedmontese Tarot", "description": "The **Classic Piedmontese Tarot** (Italian: *Tarocco Piemontese*) is the modern, standardized form of the Piedmontese pattern that emerged in the mid-19th century. Distinguished by its double-ended (reversible) court cards and refined woodblock printing, this pattern represents the final evolution o", "url": "/en/patterns/classic-piedmontese-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-4", "type": "pattern", "name": "Crowley Thoth Tarot", "description": "The **Crowley Thoth Tarot** is a pivotal 20th-century tarot pattern conceptualized by Aleister Crowley, a controversial and influential British writer and ceremonial magician. The artwork was executed by Lady Frieda Harris, an artist and associate of Crowley. Due to the deep collaboration between th", "url": "/en/patterns/crowley-thoth-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-6", "type": "pattern", "name": "De Poilly Minchiate Tarot", "description": "The **De Poilly Minchiate Tarot** is a distinctive seventeenth-century cartomantic experiment designed by the French engraver François de Poilly (c. 1658). While the standard Tarot deck of the era—typified by the Tarot de Marseille—consisted of 78 cards with Italian suitmarks, De Poilly attempted to", "url": "/en/patterns/de-poilly-minchiate-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-7", "type": "pattern", "name": "Early Piedmontese Tarot", "description": "The **Early Piedmontese Tarot** (French: *Tarot Piemontais*) represents a critical transitional phase in the history of playing cards, bridging the gap between the classic French *Tarot de Marseille* and the indigenous Italian patterns of the 19th century. Evolving slowly between the late 17th and m", "url": "/en/patterns/early-piedmontese-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-11", "type": "pattern", "name": "Early Tarocco Siciliano", "description": "While playing cards were traded and used in Sicily as early as the 1380s, the distinct genre of Tarot was a relatively late arrival, introduced to the island only in the early seventeenth century. For over a hundred years, Sicilian players utilized the standard 78-card deck or the expanded 97-card *", "url": "/en/patterns/early-tarocco-siciliano", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-2", "type": "pattern", "name": "Etteilla II Tarot", "description": "In the wake of the occult revival of the late 18th century, numerous variations of the **Original Etteilla Tarot** appeared across France. Among the most enduring and commercially successful was the *Jeu des 78 Tarots Egyptiens* (The Game of 78 Egyptian Tarots), first published in 1838. Known to his", "url": "/en/patterns/etteilla-ii-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-3", "type": "pattern", "name": "Etteilla III (Le Grand Jeu de L'Oracle des Dames)", "description": "In 1868, a distinct evolution of the esoteric tarot lineage appeared, designated by modern historians Detlef Hoffmann and Erika Kroppenstedt as the **Etteilla III**. Commercially titled *Le Grand Jeu de L’Oracle des Dames* (The Ladies' Oracle), this pattern was produced by the Parisian publishing ho", "url": "/en/patterns/etteilla-iii-grand-jeu-oracle-dames", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-17", "type": "pattern", "name": "Florentine Minchiate", "description": "The **Florentine Minchiate** is an expanded 97-card tarot variant that originated in Florence during the early 16th century. Distinguished from the standard 78-card tarot by the addition of 19 extra trumps (including the four Elements, twelve Zodiac signs, and three additional Virtues), the Minchiat", "url": "/en/patterns/florentine-minchiate", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-23", "type": "pattern", "name": "Golden Dawn Tarot", "description": "The **Golden Dawn Tarot** refers to the esoteric tarot system developed by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a secret society founded in London in 1888 by William Wynn Westcott and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. While not a single printed deck, this system established the correspondences bet", "url": "/en/patterns/golden-dawn-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-9", "type": "pattern", "name": "Intermediate Piedmontese Tarot", "description": "The **Intermediate Piedmontese Tarot** represents a crucial transitional phase in the history of Italian playing cards. Belonging to the broader Piedmontese pattern family, this deck bridges the gap between the French-influenced \"Early Piedmontese\" style—which closely mirrored the Tarot de Marseille", "url": "/en/patterns/intermediate-piedmontese-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-12", "type": "pattern", "name": "Later Tarocco Siciliano", "description": "The **Later Tarocco Siciliano** represents the mid-19th-century evolution of the indigenous Sicilian tarot pattern. Emerging around 1840, this variation distinguishes itself from the [Early Tarocco Siciliano](https://www.google.com/search?q=/patterns/early-tarocco-siciliano) through significant stru", "url": "/en/patterns/later-tarocco-siciliano", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-20", "type": "pattern", "name": "Milanese Tarot (Trionfi)", "description": "The **Milanese Tarot**, known historically as *Trionfi* (Triumphs), represents the earliest form of the tarot deck as developed in Milan during the 15th century. These were the cards that French soldiers encountered during the Italian Wars (1494-1559) and subsequently brought back to France, where t", "url": "/en/patterns/milanese-tarot-trionfi", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-1", "type": "pattern", "name": "Original Etteilla Tarot", "description": "The **Original Etteilla Tarot**, historically known as *Le Jeu de Toth* (The Book of Thoth), is a seminal deck devised by the French occultist Jean-Baptiste Alliette, better known by his pseudonym, **Etteilla**. While the exact date of completion is debated, 1788 is widely accepted as the most likel", "url": "/en/patterns/original-etteilla-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-19", "type": "pattern", "name": "Sola Busca Tarot", "description": "The **Sola Busca Tarot** is a rare 15th-century Italian tarot deck, notable for being the earliest known tarot with fully illustrated pip cards. Created around 1491, possibly in Ferrara or Venice, the deck depicts classical and biblical warriors on its trumps rather than the standard allegorical fig", "url": "/en/patterns/sola-busca-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-8", "type": "pattern", "name": "Soprafino Dellarocca Piedmontese Tarot", "description": "The **Soprafino Dellarocca Piedmontese Tarot** is a seminal variation of the Piedmontese Tarot pattern that first appeared in Milan circa 1835. Commissioned by the renowned German-born card manufacturer **Ferdinando Gumppenberg**, the deck was designed by the engraver **Carlo Dellarocca**.", "url": "/en/patterns/soprafino-dellarocca-piedmontese-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-18", "type": "pattern", "name": "Swiss Tarot", "description": "The **Swiss Tarot**, also known as the **1JJ Tarot**, is a late 19th-century derivative of the Tarot de Besançon that became the standard tarot pattern in German-speaking Switzerland from 1860 onward. The designation \"1JJ\" refers to the two Juno cards (Jupiter and Juno) that replace the Pope and Pop", "url": "/en/patterns/swiss-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-10", "type": "pattern", "name": "Tarocchino Bolognese", "description": "The **Tarocchino Bolognese** stands as one of the oldest tarot patterns in existence and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuous tradition still in widespread use today. Invented at the close of the fifteenth century, the pattern is defined by its reduced composition. Unlike the standar", "url": "/en/patterns/tarocchino-bolognese", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-13", "type": "pattern", "name": "Tarot de Besançon", "description": "The **Tarot de Besançon** is a distinct regional variant of the Tarot de Marseille family. While the name links it to the French city of Besançon—a major center of card production in the 19th century—the pattern was also widely manufactured and used throughout Switzerland and western Germany.", "url": "/en/patterns/tarot-de-besancon", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-14", "type": "pattern", "name": "Tarot de Marseille, Type I", "description": "The **Tarot de Marseille, Type I** is a historically pivotal Tarot pattern that served as the primary template for the evolution of standard playing cards and divination decks across Europe. While often overshadowed in popular culture by the later Type II (the standard \"Marseille\" deck most are fami", "url": "/en/patterns/tarot-de-marseille-type-i", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-15", "type": "pattern", "name": "Tarot de Marseille, Type II", "description": "The **Tarot de Marseille, Type II** (International Classification IPT-002) is the definitive standard of the French tarot tradition. Evolving in the early 18th century from the earlier [Type I pattern](/deck-patterns/tarot-de-marseille-type-i), the Type II became the dominant iconography for French ", "url": "/en/patterns/tarot-de-marseille-type-ii", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-21", "type": "pattern", "name": "Visconti-Sforza Tarot", "description": "The **Visconti-Sforza Tarot** is the most famous and best-preserved example of 15th-century Italian tarot. Painted by Bonifacio Bembo around 1450 for the Visconti and Sforza families of Milan, this hand-painted, gilt deck represents the aristocratic origins of the tarot tradition.", "url": "/en/patterns/visconti-sforza-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "pattern-16", "type": "pattern", "name": "Waite-Smith Tarot", "description": "The Waite-Smith Tarot is the seminal deck of the 20th-century English-speaking occult revival. It was conceived by Arthur Edward Waite, an Anglo-American scholar of mysticism, and executed by the American artist Pamela Colman Smith. Commissioned by Waite in 1909, Smith produced illustrations for all", "url": "/en/patterns/waite-smith-tarot", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "person-10", "type": "person", "name": "Aleister Crowley", "description": "Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley in 1875, was a polarizing and influential figure in 20th-century occultism. In 1898, he was initiated into the **Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn**, a secret society dedicated to the study of the paranormal and metaphysical. The Order was heavily infl", "url": "/en/persons/aleister-crowley", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "person-19", "type": "person", "name": "Arthur Edward Waite", "description": "Arthur Edward Waite (1857–1942) was a pivotal figure in the Western esoteric revival of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Though best known today for conceptualizing the Rider-Waite Tarot deck, Waite was a prolific scholar, translator, and mystic who sought to introduce academic rigor to the o", "url": "/en/persons/arthur-edward-waite", "locale": "en", "sourceLocale": "en" }, { "id": "person-7", "type": "person", "name": "Etteilla", "description": "Jean-Baptiste Alliette, better known by his pseudonym **Etteilla**, stands as the foundational figure in the history of occult Tarot. While esoteric organizations like the Freemasons and Rosicrucians were growing in influence across Western Europe during the 18th century